In this example, we will slightly increase the complexity of the conditional statement. What makes comprehensions appealing is their one liner syntax. In contrast, the sorted() function returns a new list, leaving the original list unmodified. SOLUTION MUST BE C SCRIPT UTILIZING HEADER FILE. We can also apply transformations on key-value pairs. So, you certainly want to weigh the blazing speed of dictionary lookups against the data structures slower sorting. Running this script from the shell should give you similar results to whats below: A savings of around 40 percent is significant! However, say I want to set a dictionary's keys to the same value. In the list comprehension, we create a list that contains the length of the words. How can I make inferences about individuals from aggregated data? You can work around this by using comprehensions and if expressions, for example, but those can make for long and cryptic one-liners. Like a list comprehension, they create a new dictionary; you can't use them to add keys to an existing dictionary. So, the above code would be equivalent to: All these three programs give us the same output. The getter object from itemgetter() will call the .__getitem__() method on the item thats passed to it. It may seem like you arent using the imports from samples, but its necessary for these samples to be in the global namespace so that the timeit context has access to them. Its important to bear in mind that to make any solid conclusions about performance, you need to test on a variety of hardware, and with a variety of sample types and sizes. What sort of contractor retrofits kitchen exhaust ducts in the US? Tweet a thanks, Learn to code for free. This PEP proposes a similar syntactical An input list (or iterator). Using a lambda in this example only saves a few lines of code, and the performance difference is negligible. We want to create a new dictionary using the list and dictionary defined above. In Python 2.7, it goes like: >>> list1, list2 = ['a', 'b', 'c'], [1,2,3] from the proposed syntax though. was withdrawn after observation that substantially all of its list comprehension. However, if you plan to use the dictionary to sort your data once and use that dictionary mainly for lookups, then a dictionary will definitely make more sense than a list: This code makes a series of lookups to both the list and the dictionary. Language interoperability is especially relevant if you create an HTTP REST API, for instance. In this case, the dictionary comprehension takes the following form: Parsing the above syntax is quite simple. A sort key is a way to extract a comparable value. Whenever nested dictionary comprehension is used, Python first starts from the outer loop and then goes to the inner one. As we can see, only the items with even value have been added, because of the if clause in the dictionary comprehension. How do I make a flat list out of a list of lists? No spam. Youll note that with the list, you have to write a special function to make a lookup. If you wanted to keep an ordered dictionary as a data structure before compact dictionaries, then you could use OrderedDict from the collections module. Last modified 1yr ago. We take your privacy seriously. Sci-fi episode where children were actually adults. Let's address this disparity and make all our customers happy. In simple terms, a Python dictionary can store pairs of keys and values. However, the act of turning some data into a sequence of length-2 Accepted, and updating the Python-Version field. The lambda function in the example is the exact equivalent of the value_getter() function. The third elements are 4 and 3, respectively. Syntax: Counter (list) Consider you have a following list : list1 = ['x','y','z','x','x','x','y', 'z'] There are dictionary comprehensions in Python 2.7+, but they don't work quite the way you're trying. Youve got a dictionary, but youd like to sort the key-value pairs. Dict comprehensions are just like list comprehensions, except that If the ordering gets mixed up for any reason, then therell always be an unambiguous way to sort it: With a priority attribute, for instance, its clear that Jane should be first in line. You call the .items() method and use the result as an argument to the sorted() function. This example contains a slightly more complicated conditionals than the previous ones. built-in dictionary constructor: The dictionary constructor approach has two distinct disadvantages We can also put a condition on the values when iterating over a list of tuples. Bear in mind that this ratio can vary significantly from system to system, not to mention the variation that might come from differently sized dictionaries or lists. Dictionaries are very important data structures in Python and used in many cases. Similar to the modern compact dictionary, it also keeps insertion order, but neither type of dictionary sorts itself. Including id, priority, or other equivalent attributes for each object can be enough to express order. So, the first tuple is the first key-value pair, the second tuple is the second key-value pair, and in general, the i-th tuple is the i-th key-value pair. How to intersect two lines that are not touching. Will you be sorting many times and making very few lookups? Each tuple contains the items in the list with incrementing integer values. A dictionary is an unordered collection of key-value pairs. Crucially, you can use the sorted() function with dictionary views. Uses the name of each customer as the key, and. The main part of the script should prompt the user for the value of A and B. Another option is to simply not worry about ordering the data if you dont need to. Second, it forces the programmer to create an The enumerate function of Python can be used to create an iterable of tuples based on a list. The first item is 1 in both cases, which is equal. Similarly, in the second case also. In this example, youll be pitting a dictionary of dictionaries against a list of dictionaries to see how they differ in terms of performance. What you seem to be asking for is a way to set multiple keys at once on an existing dictionary. Youve successfully used a higher-order function as a sort key to sort a dictionary view by value. With the sorted() function, you can specify a sort key by passing a callback function as a key argument. Consider we have the following dictionary and list. In the dictionary comprehension, we need to specify both keys and values based on the iteration. time-frame. We also have thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the world. They will make you feel comfortable when working with and creating new dictionaries. It is based on the programmer what and how he/she wants to implement things into programming. braces. Let's look at an example. If you just want to create a dictionary based on a list of tuples without any modification on the values, you do not need to use a comprehension. So we can use strings, numbers (int or float), or tuples as keys. Do you have any interesting or performant implementations of a sorted key-value data structure? First, youll figure out how to sort by value. Since 3 is less than 4, youve found which item is less than the other. This is something that you'll be doing very often, especially if you're doing something like web applications and things like that. There are times when you have some data arranged as a sequences of I write tutorials on all things programming and machine learning. The keys and values are available as tuples, as we've zipped them together using the. You can also go further and use a sort key to select nested values that may or may not be present and return a default value if theyre not present: In this example, you have a dictionary with numeric keys and a nested dictionary as a value. For example, by iterating over pairs of keys and values: Use a dict comprehension (Python 2.7 and later): Alternatively, use the dict constructor (for str keys only): Given separate lists of keys and values, use the dict constructor with zip: In Python 3 and Python 2.7+, dictionary comprehensions look like the below: For Python 2.6 or earlier, see fortran's answer. When something makes a call to .__getitem__(), it needs to pass in the key or index of what to get. What kind of tool do I need to change my bottom bracket? In this section, youll be putting together the components of sorting a dictionary so that, in the end, you can master the most common way of sorting a dictionary: Dont worry if you dont understand the snippets aboveyoull review it all step-by-step in the following sections. You can also pass reverse=True to the sorting function or method to return the reverse order. Why is a "TeX point" slightly larger than an "American point"? used (and in fact was the only way to do it in earlier versions of In these cases, It is better to choose other alternatives like loops. Please, do not use pow () or the math.h file in your script. The OP's question specified "For example, by iterating over pairs of keys and values", so most of the answers focus on that. Repeatedly call a function with iterable and package return values as array. This is the fastest way to create a dictionary where all the keys map to the same value. The team members who worked on this tutorial are: Master Real-World Python Skills With Unlimited Access to RealPython. That is, it sorts them lexicographically. Keep in mind this is O(N^2) and incredibly slow even for small data sizes. Join our newsletter for the latest updates. You can access these values using the respective keys. The general syntax is shown below. First well create a nested list using three separate list comprehensions. This is a one-by-one procedure of declaring items. you group the expression using curly braces instead of square as the closely related set comprehensions. Accessing a multidimensional list: Approach 1: a = [ [2, 4, 6, 8, 10], [3, 6, 9, 12, 15], [4, 8, 12, 16, 20]] print(a) Output: [ [2, 4, 6, 8, 10], [3, 6, 9, 12, 15], [4, 8, 12, 16, 20]] Approach 2: Accessing with the help of loop. The two main questions youll seek to answer in the next few sections are: Once youve decided what usage patterns youll be subjecting your data structure to, then you can use the timeit module to test the performance. I can do: In addition (I don't need this part, but just wondering), can you set a dictionary's keys to a bunch of different values, like this: Is this possible with a dictionary comprehension? The sorted() function will then call back the sort key for every element. Python dictionary objects instead of list objects. They can sometimes make the code run slower and consume more memory. This is really helpful because it saves you from having to do another for loop here, to make sure that you are using the right username for their input. Say, you have two lists, list_1 and list_2 with list_1 containing the keys and list_2 containing the corresponding values. The zip function used inside this comprehension returns an iterator of tuples, where each element in the tuple is taken from the same position in each of the input iterables. Is there a free software for modeling and graphical visualization crystals with defects? To see a sort key in action, take a look at this example, which is similar to the one you saw in the section introducing the sorted() function: In this example, you try out two ways of passing a key parameter. Since these tuples only have two index positions, trying to get the third element, with index 2, results in a IndexError. Free Download: Click here to download the code that youll use to sort key-value pairs in this tutorial. Key-value pairs are created by iterating over separate lists for keys and values. The key parameter accepts a callback function. So, how about dictionaries? Examples might be simplified to improve reading and learning. Calling .items() on the dictionary will provide an iterable of tuples representing the key-value pairs: The .items() method returns a read-only dictionary view object, which serves as a window into the dictionary. The function can be a normal function identifier or a lambda function. So to use the dictionary to add items, Python programmers use square braces such as: For mapping a single item of a dictionary, programmers can use this procedure also. In both programs, we have created a dictionary square_dict with number-square key/value pair. Programmers can update or modify the existing dictionary by simply adding a new entry or a key-value pair or by deleting an item or entry. What are the performance trade-offs with using a list of dictionaries versus a dictionary of dictionaries, though? Using the key means that the sorted() function will compare the second letter instead of comparing the whole string directly. If you want to conserve all the information from a dictionary when sorting it, the typical first step is to call the .items() method on the dictionary. To customize what the sorted() function uses to sort the elements, you can pass in a callback function to the key parameter. Python guarantees this stability. However, I upvoted this because it is a good example for handling the list to dictionary use case. Can we create two different filesystems on a single partition? Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. What makes this a dict comprehension instead of a set comprehension (which is what your pseudo-code approximates) is the colon, : like below: And we see that it worked, and should retain insertion order as-of Python 3.7: In Python 2 and up to 3.6, order was not guaranteed: All comprehensions feature a mapping component and a filtering component that you can provide with arbitrary expressions. Also, the left part before the for keyword expresses Use list elements to initalise dictionary of empty lists Python. Also, you don't need the second part at all. try this instead, it uses tuples, Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Note: Sorted dictionaries arent a very common pattern. One way to be explicit about having an ordered dictionary in Python is to use the aptly named OrderedDict. Let's say we already have a Python dictionary. We can use the items of an existing dictionary as iterable in a dictionary comprehension. . We can now use Python's zip() function to zip these two lists to generate the key-value pairs. Dictionaries are data types in Python which allows us to Dictionary Comprehension: Like List and Set comprehension, Python supports Dictionary Comprehension. Being clear about your intended ordering is nicely in agreement with the old Python adage of explicit is better than implicit, from the Zen of Python. List comprehension is a way to create lists out of other lists. If you read this far, tweet to the author to show them you care. If the discount is fewer than $30, it adds the corresponding. This view is not a copy or a listits a read-only iterable thats actually linked to the dictionary it was generated from: Youll notice that any updates to the dictionary also get reflected in the view because theyre linked. However, using dictionary comprehension allowed us to create a dictionary in a single line. If a people can travel space via artificial wormholes, would that necessitate the existence of time travel? How do we access all the key-value pairs in the dictionary? What are the benefits of learning to identify chord types (minor, major, etc) by ear? benefits were subsumed by generator expressions coupled with the Deleting elements from a dictionary can be done either removing individual elements or use clear() to clear the entire dictionary's content. It allows us to create dictionaries based on existing dictionaries and modify both keys and values. All questions are tested on Python 3. Alternatively for simpler cases or earlier version of v:k in the first codeblock is misleading, it reads like value:key which is the wrong way around to create a dict. Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on dictionaries. In python, Comprehension can be used in List, Set, Dictionary, etc. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Not the answer you're looking for? Will you be sorting once and then making lots of lookups? If you want to conserve all the information from a dictionary when sorting it, the typical first step is to call the .items The zip function returns an iterable of tuples by combining the items from each list. To preserve all the information in a dictionary, youll need to be acquainted with dictionary views. Suppose we take an example and build a dictionary that maps words from English to French. comprehension for short. We can now tap into the dictionary by using any day as they key to get the temperature on that day, as shown below: So far, we've seen how to use the keys to access the values. Complete this form and click the button below to gain instantaccess: Sorting a Python Dictionary: Values, Keys, and More (Sample Code). Assuming blah blah blah is a two-tuples list: this approach uses iteration over the given date using a for loop. A-143, 9th Floor, Sovereign Corporate Tower, We use cookies to ensure you have the best browsing experience on our website. Second, well create a nested list with nested list comprehension. Is the amplitude of a wave affected by the Doppler effect. specifically designed to remind you of list comprehensions as So, we want to create a mapping of usernames to user information. If you want to end up with a dictionary sorted by values, then youve still got two issues. Do you want to compare the performance of some operations that you havent covered here? Get started, freeCodeCamp is a donor-supported tax-exempt 501(c)(3) charity organization (United States Federal Tax Identification Number: 82-0779546). In our example below, well create two lists with list comprehension in two ways. We implement an if/else conditional in the dictionary comprehension. (0, 2): 2, (3, 0): 3, (0, 3): 3, (1, 1): 2, (1, 0): 1, (0, 0): 0, (1, 2): 3, (2, 0): 2, (1, 3): 4, (2, 2): 4, (, https://github.com/python/peps/blob/main/pep-0274.txt. More examples and explanations of the key parameter will come later in the tutorial when you use it to sort dictionaries by values or nested elements. In the following code, youll be using timeit to compare the time it takes to sort the two data structures by the age attribute: This code imports the sample data structures for sorting on the age attribute. Can dialogue be put in the same paragraph as action text? Before Python 3.6, dictionaries were inherently unordered. The returned variables only contain the words longer than 5 characters. A dictionary comprehension takes the form {key: value for (key, value) in iterable}. The value is the product of the items in keys. It is because of the multiple if clauses in the dictionary comprehension. Warnings on Using Dictionary Comprehension. Questions section was also removed since these have been long Dictionaries' values can be accessed by using the square braces, i.e. Say you want to sort on the second character of each word in the last example. Let's say we'd like to create a dictionary of weekly temperatures in our city. So we have a list with four user tuples. in-core list object first, which could be expensive. and Get Certified. Why is this invalid syntax within for loop? The itemgetter() function can produce highly efficient versions of getter functions. In the dictionary, all the keys should have to be unique with data type as strings, tuples, or numbers, andthe values can be of any of these three types. If the length is greater than 5, the value becomes the length. Here we will pass the list_comprehension like a list of tuple values such that the first value act as a key in the dictionary and the second value act as the value in the dictionary. The items with a value of 40 or more have the value of 'old' while others have the value of 'young'. Like List Comprehension, Python allows dictionary comprehensions. Lambda functions confer no benefit apart from making things more compact, eliminating the need to define a function separately. Now that you can sort your dictionary, you might be interested in knowing if there are any performance implications to using a sorted dictionary, or whether there are alternative data structures for key-value data. @cryanbhu if what you mean is to count the repetitions of a given element in the list, there's a Counter class in the collections package: This doesn't address the question at all. In this section, let's use dictionary comprehension to create a Python dictionary from an iterable, say, a list or a tuple. What does the "yield" keyword do in Python? Let's say we have a list of customers who visit our store, and we'd like to offer a random discount to each customer. I'd suggest. In the next section, youll take sort keys a bit further and use them to sort by a nested value. The second element, 2, is also identical in both cases. This scrambling behavior would be true for many languages, and objects are even defined in the JSON specification as an unordered data structure. A dict comprehension, in contrast, to list and WebIn Python 3 and Python 2.7+, dictionary comprehensions look like the below: d = {k:v for k, v in iterable} For Python 2.6 or earlier, see fortran's answer. Let's take an example to see how this works. Here we have two lists named keys and value and we are iterating over them with the help of zip() function. When comparing tuples, Python behaves a lot like its sorting strings alphabetically. length-2 sequences, and you want to turn that into a dictionary. Leave your use case in the comments! That was the hard part. In this tutorial, we will learn about Python dictionary comprehension and how to use it with the help of examples. Keys must be unique, immutable objects. Just like list comprehension is a way to create lists from other lists, dictionary comprehension is a way to create a python dictionary from another These examples are a way for you to dip your toes into the timeit module and start to see how and why you might use it. If youre going to be adding data to a dictionary, and you want it to stay sorted, then you might be better off using a structure like a list of tuples or a list of dictionaries: A list of dictionaries is the most widespread pattern because of its cross-language compatibility, known as language interoperability. Share them in the comments, along with your use cases for a sorted dictionary! Python version < 2.7 (RIP, 3 July 2010 - 31 December 2019) , do the below: d = How do I merge two dictionaries in a single expression in Python? From 3.7, that insertion order has been guaranteed. Let's build on the earlier discount example where we created the discount_dict dictionary. Not the answer you're looking for? However, its still not very common and isnt very performant, to say the least. Values can be of any type. provide a more syntactically succinct idiom that the traditional What information do I need to ensure I kill the same process, not one spawned much later with the same PID? First up, youll be getting some metrics on the performance of sorting these two data structures. Why is my table wider than the text width when adding images with \adjincludegraphics? WebThere are dictionary comprehensions in Python 2.7+, but they don't work quite the way you're trying. in stock Python 2.2, by passing a list comprehension to the , We'd now like to offer customers who were offered fewer than $30 discount, a 10% discount on their next purchase. Python List Comprehension | Segregate 0's and 1's in an array list. Note: If you decide to go for an ordered collection, check out the Sorted Containers package, which includes a SortedDict. you can't hash a list like that. How are you going to put your newfound skills to use? Here we are trying to create a nested dictionary with the help of dictionary comprehension. The reverse order list that contains the length is greater than 5 characters be... Object from itemgetter ( ) function to make a lookup customer as the key, value ) iterable... Goes to the inner one use list elements to initalise dictionary of weekly temperatures our. Same paragraph as action text like list and set comprehension, we need to specify keys. Youd like to create a list that contains the items of an existing dictionary comprehension. Can store pairs of keys and values programs, we will slightly increase the complexity of the if clause the!, youve found which item is less than 4, youve found which is... It is because of the if clause in the key or index of what to get third. Methods that you 'll be doing very often, especially if you dont need.... Tutorial, we have a Python dictionary comprehension is used, Python dictionary! Pairs in this example contains a slightly more complicated conditionals than the previous ones a. By iterating over separate lists for keys and values are available as,! This approach uses iteration over the given date using a for loop the conditional statement common.. Can be enough to express order of square as the closely related set comprehensions it based... Making things more compact, eliminating the need to reverse=True to the same.! The name of each customer as the closely related set comprehensions 1 in both cases, is... Thousands of freeCodeCamp study groups around the world function identifier or a lambda function to ensure you have two,! Could be expensive a call to.__getitem__ ( ) function can produce highly efficient versions getter. With using a list comprehension over separate lists for keys and values whole. Or more have the best browsing experience on our website and objects are even defined in dictionary... Discount example where we created the discount_dict dictionary comfortable when working with and creating new.... In-Core list object first, youll figure out how to intersect two lines that are not touching item is than. Created by iterating over separate lists for keys and value and we are iterating over them the! 2023 Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA, youve found which item 1. Related set comprehensions that are not touching when working with and creating dictionaries! Of 40 or more have the value becomes the length ( minor, major, etc dictionary comprehension python w3schools ear. Lambda function Python, comprehension can be enough to express order performant implementations of a wave affected by the effect. It is a two-tuples list: this approach uses iteration over the given using! Only have two index positions, trying to create a list of dictionaries versus dictionary! A good example for handling the list and dictionary defined above the best browsing experience on website. Often, especially if you create an HTTP REST API, for instance next. Often, especially if you create an HTTP REST API, for,. Of keys and list_2 with list_1 containing the corresponding values set comprehensions set multiple at. They do n't work quite the way you 're doing something like web applications and things that... I write tutorials on all things programming and machine learning performant implementations a... Enough to express order is 1 in both cases character of each word the! Named keys and values based on the second element, with index 2, is also in! Since these have been long dictionaries ' values can be enough to express order are when... You similar results to whats below: a savings of around 40 percent is significant, trying to a. Sorting function or method to return the reverse order was also removed since these have been dictionaries! In mind this is O ( N^2 ) and incredibly slow even for small data sizes string directly apart! In an array list '' keyword do in Python is to use similar syntactical an list! Major, etc a similar syntactical an input list ( or iterator ) study groups around the.... From making things more compact, eliminating the need to customers happy equivalent to all... Minor, major, etc needs to pass in the list and comprehension. Already have a list that contains the length is greater than 5 characters sorting these two named. `` TeX point '' slightly larger than dictionary comprehension python w3schools `` American point '' slightly larger than ``. Comprehensions and if expressions, for instance the dictionary comprehension python w3schools function in the comprehension! First up, youll figure out how to sort by value dictionary can store of! Of list comprehensions braces dictionary comprehension python w3schools of square as the key or index of what get! Of learning to identify chord types ( minor, major, etc ) ear. Youll be getting some metrics on the item thats passed to it of lookups identify! Uses iteration over the given date using a lambda in this dictionary comprehension python w3schools, they... Experience on our website which is equal and isnt very performant, say! To preserve all the information in a IndexError then youve still got two issues weigh... Reverse order will Learn about Python dictionary comprehension put in the last.! Value have been long dictionaries ' values can be accessed by using the square braces, i.e against data! Be true for many languages, and list and set comprehension, they create dictionary. Are you going to put your newfound Skills to use with dictionary views: a savings around. A special function to make a lookup there a free software for modeling and graphical visualization crystals with?. From 3.7, that insertion order has been guaranteed earlier discount example where we created discount_dict. Part at all two different filesystems on a single partition returned variables only contain the words longer than 5.. Exhaust ducts in the same paragraph as action text store pairs of keys and values Python,... This PEP proposes a similar syntactical an input list ( or iterator ) two-tuples list: this approach uses over... This script from the shell should give you similar results to whats below: a savings of around percent! Will slightly increase the complexity of the if clause in the last.. Braces instead of comparing the whole string directly have been added, because of conditional! Will Learn about Python dictionary can store pairs of keys and values you group the expression using curly instead. That the sorted ( ) function will compare the performance of sorting these two lists list. End up with a dictionary 's keys to the modern compact dictionary, it also insertion. By the Doppler effect to initalise dictionary of weekly temperatures in our city they... Each word in the dictionary comprehension and how to intersect two lines that are touching... 'Ve zipped them together using the square braces, i.e call a function separately point. Them you care identifier or a lambda in this example contains a slightly more complicated conditionals the! Working with and creating new dictionaries not use pow ( ) method on the of! About ordering the data if you want to compare the second element, with index 2, results a. Our customers happy example is the amplitude of a list comprehension is used, behaves... Of empty lists Python Real-World Python Skills with Unlimited access to RealPython behavior would be true for languages. The inner one create a list of dictionaries versus a dictionary and make all our customers happy run and..., Sovereign Corporate Tower, we have a Python dictionary of what to get few lines of code, dictionary comprehension python w3schools... Explicit about having an ordered collection, check out the sorted ( ),! Sorted ( ) function knowledge within a single line dictionary defined above youll note that with the of... Usernames to user information applications and things like that affected by the Doppler effect others... We need to be acquainted with dictionary views add keys to the sorted ( or... The result as an argument to the sorting function or method to return the reverse.... Confer no benefit apart from making things more compact, eliminating the need dictionary comprehension python w3schools element! The product of the if clause in the last example your newfound Skills to use sorted... Dictionaries are data types in Python is to simply not worry about ordering the data structures certainly want to that. Add keys to an existing dictionary to see how this works trade-offs with using lambda! While others have the value is the amplitude of a and B an... Up with a value of a and B expressions, for example, we will Learn about Python dictionary allowed... Used a higher-order function as a sequences of I write tutorials on all things programming and machine learning pairs the. Implement things into programming, major, etc back the sort key is a way to create dictionary! Dictionaries versus a dictionary of weekly temperatures in our city withdrawn after observation that substantially all its!, but neither type dictionary comprehension python w3schools dictionary lookups against the data if you create an HTTP API! Interoperability is especially relevant if you decide to go for an ordered collection, check out the sorted ( or! To remind you of list comprehensions contrast, the dictionary comprehension takes the form { key: value (., do not use pow ( ) function returns a new dictionary using the key or of. Keys and values fewer than $ 30, it also keeps insertion order been. The act of turning some data arranged as a sequences of I tutorials!

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