[26] Roosevelt won the largest number of electoral votes ever recorded at that time, and has so far only been surpassed by Ronald Reagan in 1984, when seven more electoral votes were available to contest. We strive for accuracy and fairness. Perhaps his most notable achievement was supporting recovery programs while keeping the state budget balanced. Philadelphia and Columbus, Ohio, which had voted for Hoover in the 1932 election, voted for Roosevelt in the 1936 election. It is not alone a war against want and destitution and economic demoralization. In 1922 Landon took a hiatus from the oil business and served as Kansas Governor Henry Allen's private secretary for six weeks. At 523-8, it was the biggest electoral landslide of all time (in a contested election), surpassing Teddy Roosevelt's and Warren G. Harding's records. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Who was the Alf Landon? [16] At a well attended Long rally in Philadelphia, a former mayor told the press "There are 250,000 Long votes" in this city. Alf Landon has been largely forgotten by history, but conservatives today ought to refresh their memories. MH: FDR had a lot of opposition, and ironically, the most intense opposition he got was from the Democrats. [9], An indifferent student and later a wealthy, handsome, and popular young man about town, FDR had distinguished himself mainly by his amiable and charming personality. One of the most significant and lasting parts of the New Dealthe Social Security Actestablished a contributory pension system for retired workers. They are unanimous in their hate for meand I welcome their hatred.[25]. "[19], As the 1936 election approached, the Roosevelt administration grew increasingly concerned by Long's popularity. In truth, Hoover maintained control of the party machinery and was hopeful of making a comeback, but any such hopes were dashed as soon as the 1934 mid-term elections, which saw further losses by the Republicans and made clear the popularity of the New Deal among the public. At the end of the campaign, Landon accused FDR of acquiring so much power that he was subverting the Constitution. He communicated this idea that not everything was perfect, and not everything worked the way we thought, and we now have this big setback. Encyclopedia of World Biography. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration resembled the Food Administration; the National Recovery Administration resembled the War Industries Board; the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (created under Hoover but greatly expanded under Roosevelt) resembled the War Finance Corporation; the National Labor Relations Board resembled the War Labor Board; the Tennessee Valley Authority resembled the Muscle Shoals project; the Civilian Conservation Corps resembled the army itself. Some historians, including Long biographer T. Harry Williams, contend that Long had never, in fact, intended to run for the presidency in 1936. Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), https://www.history.com/news/social-security-history-fdr-new-deal, Why Social Security Was the Cornerstone of FDRs New Deal. Mencken, soon grow used to anything, including even being swindled. Encyclopedia of World Biography. JK: The other thing I wondered is how FDR worked with the people that were close to him, as well as his political opposition. Landon won only eight electoral votes, tying William Howard Taft's total in his unsuccessful re-election campaign in 1912. But however significant his legacies, Roosevelt deserves no reverence. Why did Alf Landon and conservative leaders oppose the New Deal? They believe that they can run things, and they like to run things.[6] More recently, even a sympathetic left-liberal historian, Alan Brinkley, wrote that the hardcore New Dealers embraced government planning with almost religious veneration.[7]. Encyclopedia of World Biography. In a 1962 interview, Landon labeled himself a "practical progressive, which means that the Republican Party or any political party has got to recognize the problems of a growing and complex civilization. Call (800) 877-4755. The expected third-party candidacy of prominent Senator Huey Long briefly reignited Hoover's hopes, but they were just as quickly ended by Long's death in September 1935. They have sold their heritage of freedom for the illusion of a living. I think you heard that a little bit in Obamas talk the other day about Obamacare. Margin of victory less than 5% (4 electoral votes): Margin of victory between 5% and 10% (29 electoral votes): Margin of victory Between 11% and 20% (214 electoral votes): Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Democratic), Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Republican), Counties with Highest Percent of Vote (Other). For this accomplishment, along with his wartime leadership, historians and the general public alike rank Franklin D. Roosevelt among the greatest of American presidents. It got a lot of criticism from conservatives in Congress that it was just wasting money. The Electoral College results, in which Landon only won Maine and Vermont, inspired Democratic Party chairman James Farley - who had in fact declared during the campaign that Roosevelt would lose only these two states - [22] to amend the then-conventional political wisdom of "As Maine goes, so goes the nation" into "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont." . "Editors, Whistle Stops, and Elephants: the Presidential Campaign of 1936 in Indiana. Hughes understood that it really wasnt going to be good for the Court to be seen as this total bulwark, this brick wall, against any sort of effort to relieve the country of the Great Depression. In the construction of the American regulatory and welfare state, no one looms larger than FDR. We are going to have trouble enough to carry out an economy program without having the Treasury flush with money drawn from the workers.. Roosevelt defeated Governor Alf Landon of Kansas with 523 electoral votes to 8 and almost 28 million popular votes to Landon's less than 17 million. Hence arose a succession of government organizations modeled on wartime precedents. Roosevelt won the highest share of the popular and electoral vote since the largely uncontested 1820 election. [2] Without capital accumulation, no economy can grow. Although many candidates sought the Republican nomination, only two, Governor Landon and Senator William Borah from Idaho, were considered to be serious candidates. National Archives and Records Administration. But there were a lot of really powerful progressives in the Republican Party at this time. [26], Norman Thomas, who had received 884,885 votes in the 1932 election saw his totals decrease to 187,910. As this statement illustrates, not everyone admired FDR during the 1930s. He thinks he will have a hundred votes at the Democratic convention. The list went on and on. Stone, Irving, They Also Ran, Doubleday & Company, 1966. He distinguished himself in student government and earned the nickname "The Fox" for his political skills. This election is notable for The Literary Digest poll, which was based on ten million questionnaires mailed to readers and potential readers; 2.27 million were returned. In the final days of the campaign, the Republican National Committee circulated the charge that Roosevelt's Social Security Act would cut wages and force workers to wear identification tags around their necks. There is every probability that the cash they pay in will be used for current deficits and new extravagances. Entry: Landon, Alfred - Speech. The Act was aimed at giving older Americans a pension that would provide them with a reasonable standard of living as they aged. The Republican party rejects any feature of any plan that hinders re-employment The saving it forces on our workers is a cruel hoax. JK: Are there any other parallels that I might have missed? MH: People are being misled that some of these deadlines are hard and fast, and that if we miss them its going to bring the whole edifice crashing down. Prolonging the Depression. With its bewildering, incoherent mass of new expenditures, taxes, subsidies, regulations, and direct government participation in productive activities, the New Deal created so much confusion, fear, uncertainty, and hostility among businessmen and investors that private investment, and hence overall private economic activity, never recovered enough to restore the high levels of production and employment enjoyed in the 1920s. The question really is still, will people listen to him the way people listened to FDR? Still, he was willing to break with the Republicans at times, such as when he supported William Allen White's 1924 independent candidacy for the Kansas governorship in protest against the Ku Klux Klan-backed major party nominees. Huey Long. As one Kansas delegate put it, "God has His hand on Alf Landon's shoulder.". Raise farm prices, raise industrial prices, raise wage rates, raise the price of gold. (Moreover, the President and his supporters greatly overestimated how successful their wartime measures had beenthe war had ended before the many defects of those measures became widely understood.). Despite its economic illogic and incoherence, the New Deal served as a massive vote-buying scheme. His candidacy was officially launched at the 1935 American Legion Convention. Landon received fewer than 17 million votes to Roosevelts more than 27 million, and Roosevelt carried every state except Maine and Vermont. [21], In response, Roosevelt in a letter to his friend William E. Dodd, the US ambassador to Germany, wrote: "Long plans to be a candidate of the Hitler type for the presidency in 1936. They only existed to put people to work on the spot, to put money in their hands to put food on the table, shelter over their heads. While Roosevelt won the largest portion of electoral votes to date, Ronald Reagan won more electors while achieving a lesser popular vote victory in 1984, as the electoral college had expanded. Alf Landon, the Republican candidate for President in 1936, offered strong opposition to Social Security based on its burden on employers and employees as well as the possibility that the money coming into the Treasury would not be put away for later liabilities. It didnt include disability or health insurance, as the Committee on Economic Security had originally recommended. When he said, look Obamacares not just a website. JK: We talk about the New Deal, but its really separate legislation. Source: Alfred M. Landon, I Will Not Promise the Moon, Vital Speeches of the Day (October 15, 1936), 2627. On October 12, 1987, Landon died peacefully at his Topeka home, having put his political wins and losses far behind him. "Effective January 1937, we are compelled by a Roosevelt New Deal law to make a 1 percent deduction from your wages and turn it over to the government. During the 1936 presidential election, FDRs Republican opponent Alf Landon questioned whether the U.S. government would actually dole out Social Security stipends when the time came, or keep the money for itself. "Alfred Mossman Landon ." In the 1960s he supported Lyndon B. Johnson's Medicare program and other of Johnson's Great Society initiatives. Given Obamacare's disastrous debut, we asked Hiltzik for some historical perspective on the New Deal's rollout. The results of the 1936 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table. Obama didnt do that, nor could he get way with it. His father was an oil prospector and promoter whose work led the Landon family to move, first to Marietta, Ohio, and then, in 1904, to Independence, Kansas. One more sample of the injustice of this law is this: Some workers who come under this new Federal insurance plan are taxed more and get less than workers who come under the State laws already in force. However, in a later Senate speech, he admitted that he "might have a good parade to offer before I get through". His ill-conceived, politically shaped experiments so disrupted the operation of the market economy and so discouraged the accumulation of capital that they impeded the full recovery that otherwise would have occurred. He spoke truly when he said these instruments could provide "shackles for the liberties of the people and enslavement for the public". Draft efforts did focus on former Vice-President Charles G. Dawes and Senate Minority Leader Charles L. McNary, two of the few prominent Republicans not to have been associated with Hoover's administration, but both men quickly disclaimed any interest in running. 1940 Wendell Willkie Presidential VP C. McNary Campaign Jugate Pinback Button . Encyclopedia.com. We will keep our sleeves rolled up. So every month he puts aside in a box his I O U carefully executed, and, moreover, bearing interest at 3 per cent. They thought that the New Deal raised taxes too much. During the Depression, with so many Americans suffering, lawmakers, economists and others debated whether the nation should create a federal old-age pension or an assistance program. Rather, he was an exceptionally resourceful political opportunist who harnessed the extraordinary potential for personal and party aggrandizement inherent in a uniquely troubled and turbulent period of American history. Kansas Senator Robert Dole was among those who eulogized Landon, hailing him as "a legendary Republican who taught generations of politicians what integrity and leadership were all about.". But what does it avail a lost and thirsty man if his leader only wanders about in the desert? This interview has been edited and condensed. JK: FDR tried to pack the Supreme Court in order to push through his legislation. Kansas Governor Alfred M. Landon (1887-1987) was the Republican nominee opposing Franklin D. Roosevelt in the U.S. presidential election of 1936. It marked the end of the New Deal because it really empowered his opponents and there were places he would go where the public wouldnt follow him. [13][14][note 1], Long biographers T. Harry Williams and William Ivy Hair speculated that Long planned to challenge Roosevelt for the Democratic nomination in 1936, knowing he would lose the nomination but gain valuable publicity in the process. For nearly four years you have had an Administration which instead of twirling its thumbs has rolled up its sleeves. During the 1950s, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed amendments that expanded the job categories eligible for Social Security and added a disability insurance program. They were overturning New Deal programs left and right, and then they were overturning state programs that were progressive, including the minimum wage, which probably was the ruling that really turned the public against them. Democrats also expanded their majorities in Congress, winning control of over three-quarters of the seats in each house. . It depended a lot on what the goal was, it depended on how they were designed, and how hastily they were designed. . Roosevelt went on to win the greatest electoral landslide since the rise of hegemonic control between the Democratic and Republican parties in the 1850s. Im Gegensatz zum konservativen Parteiflgel wollte er auch nicht die 1935 eingefhrte Sozialversicherung wieder abschaffen. In bad times it increases unemployment, and unemployment breaks wage scales. Beginning next January employers must, in addition, begin paying taxes on the payrolls out of which your wages are to come. Prominent business people also supported a variety of anti-New Deal organizations, with the du Pont, Pitcairn, Morgan, Rockefeller, and Hutton groups . But because workers had to make contributions to receive Social Security, people who enrolled in the program in 1935 were told they wouldnt be able to receive benefits until 1942. Corrections? MH: These conservatives on the Court really were an issue for FDR. Accepting the nomination in person (as he had done in 1932), Roosevelt proclaimed that this generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny. In facing the Great Depression, the president focused on the challenge before him in warlike terms: In this world of ours in other lands, there are some people, who, in times past, have lived and fought for freedom, and seem to have grown too weary to carry on the fight. The cause of this mistake has often been attributed to improper sampling: more Republicans subscribed to the Literary Digest than Democrats, and were thus more likely to vote for Landon than Roosevelt. . If demagoguery were a powerful means of creating prosperity, then FDR might have lifted the country out of the depression in short order. An awkward, halting public speaker, Landon found it hard to compete with Roosevelt as a campaigner. Never before in all our history have these forces been so united against one candidate as they stand today. He lowered tax rates, promoted utility regulation, passed a moratorium on mortgage foreclosures, and sponsored laws to shore up the state's troubled banking system. However, the critiques leveled at Social Security helped push FDR to expand the program. He was no hero. The father decides that the best investment is his own I O U. They had begun to consider the Government of the United States as a mere appendage to their own affairs. (2001). But for all his undeniable political prowess, he prolonged the depression and fastened on the country a bloated, intrusive government that has been trampling on the peoples liberties ever since. Social Security stood out from other New Deal initiatives in that it wasnt designed as a short-term program. Roosevelt was a masterful politician, but unfortunately for the American people subjected to his policies, he had no idea how to end the depression other than to try something and, when that didnt work, to try something else. MH: The idea that the drafters of Obamacare had was that in fact all of these pieces had to work together if any of them was to work at all. West of the Great Plains States, Roosevelt only lost eight counties. Landon proved to be an ineffective campaigner who rarely travelled. Harrisburg, Pa.: The Telegraph Press", "Why the 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed", "Franklin Delano Roosevelt Madison Square Garden Speech (1936)", "#ElectionTwitter Map of which Party/Presidential Candidate got the highest% of the vote ever in each state, from 1868-2016. 146 pp. His main Republican rivals included Senator William E. Borah of Idaho, newspaper publisher Colonel Frank Knox, and Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan. A member of the Republican Party, he was the party's nominee in the 1936 . Alfred Mossman Landon was an American politician who served as the 26th Governor of Kansas, a position he held from 1933 to 1937. It doesn't make sense that Alf Landon being president will lead to the establishment of the Confederacy In vanilla, the player can choose Alf Landon as President of the United States in the 1936 election scenario and can re-establish the gold standard through a focus. FDR gives the New Deal national bonus. Can you put it on the scale of what Obama is facing now? Longs Share-the-Wealth program (every man a king) was tempting to a depression-shocked public. Michael Levy was political science editor (2000-06), executive editor (2006-11), editor of Britannica Blog (2010-11), and director of product content & curriculum (2011-12) at Encyclopaedia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. What happens to their savings? In the face of the interventionist onslaught, the American economy between 1930 and 1940 failed to add anything to its capital stock: net private investment for that eleven-year period totaled minus $3.1 billion. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Roosevelt did not trouble himself with serious thinking. Benjamin Harrison [4] The party machinery, however, almost uniformly backed Landon, a wealthy businessman and centrist, who won primaries in Massachusetts and New Jersey and dominated in the caucuses and at state party conventions. As the article explains, the 2.27 million "respondents who returned their questionnaires represented only that subset of the population with a relatively intense interest in the subject at hand, and as such constitute in no sense a random sample it seems clear that the minority of anti-Roosevelt voters felt more strongly about the election than did the pro-Roosevelt majority. And every month he spends the money that his children bring him, partly in meeting his regular expenses, and the rest in various experiments that fascinate him. Thornton, Willis, The Life of Alfred M. Landon, Grosset & Dunlap, 1936. Still, it represented a milestone in moving this country toward a modern welfare state; as a result of this legislation, the United States joined other industrialized nations in offering old-age pensions and unemployment compensation. And that will make it harder for other politiciansespecially Republicansto later on dismantle Social Security.. There is every probability that the cash [workers] pay in will be used for current deficits and new extravagances, Landon claimed. Although Roosevelt and the New Dealers failed to end the depression, they succeeded in revolutionizing the institutions of American political and economic life and changing the countrys dominant ideology. But the way it was set up, the administration of the program was put in the hands of local state officials because the federal government didnt really have a system in place to manage it centrally, and what that did in certain states, particularly places like Mississippi and Georgia, it institutionalized a lot of racism. Landon, a Republican, challenged President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1936 election on a platform of repealing Social Securitybefore the program had even begun. ", Nicolaides, Becky M. "Radio Electioneering in the American Presidential Campaigns of 1932 and 1936,". They have yielded their democracy. Subsequent advisers, the happy hot dogs (after their mentor and godfather, Harvard law professor Felix Frankfurter), such as Tom Corcoran, Ben Cohen, and James Landis, who rose to prominence during the mid-1930s, had no genuine economic expertise. Although he supported FDR in the election of 1932, Smith turned against the president because he believed the New Deal was unconstitutional and thought the rhetoric FDR used to promote it incited class warfare. Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., The Age of Roosevelt, Volume III: The Politics of Upheaval, Houghton Mifflin, 1960. Check all of the boxes that apply. To no one's surprise, the Union Party performed poorly and quickly dissolved. . The impact of the early New Deal programs was mixed at best. He hoped to have the public support of Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality from Royal Oak, Michigan; Iowa agrarian radical Milo Reno; and other dissidents like Francis Townsend and the remnants of the End Poverty in California movement. The father of the family is a kindly man, so kindly that he borrows all he can to add to the familys pleasure. Have Any U.S. Presidents Decided Not to Run For a Second Term? Earl Browder ran for the Communist Party (CPUSA). As John T. Flynn said of FDR, it was always easy to interest him in a plan which would confer some special benefit upon some special class in the population in exchange for their votes, and eventually no political boss could compete with him in any county in America in the distribution of money and jobs.[5]. But after the powers had been obtained, and after the emergency was clearly over, we were told that another emergency would be created if the power was given up. By the time the Republican National Convention opened in Cleveland on June 9, Landon's nomination was all but assured. Democrat Harry H. Woodring won the job two years later, prompting Landon to seek the Republican nomination to oppose him in 1932. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for 1936 Gov Alf M Landon Guest Of Robert B Choate, Publisher Politics 7X9 Photo at the best online prices at eBay! Alf Landon and other conservative leaders opposed the New Deal because they believed it increased taxes too much, that it prevented states from regulating affairs, that it interfered with business, and that it gave Roosevelt too much power. However, Long was assassinated in September 1935. He didnt have this intransigent bloc in Congress that had this powerful veto that Obama faces today, so there was that difference. "[18] While addressing reporters in late summer of 1935, Long proclaimed: "I'll tell you here and now that Franklin Roosevelt will not be the next President of the United States. In spring 1935, Long undertook a national speaking tour and regular radio appearances, attracting large crowds and increasing his stature. The Social Security Act that FDR signed in 1935 provided recipients with much less than the Social Security program the United States has today. [11] Long's son Russell B. Before his assassination, there was a challenge from Louisiana Senator Huey Long. Updates? Every month they bring 6 per cent of their wages to him so that he may act as trustee and invest their savings for their old age. The GOP nominated Kansas Governor Alfred Landon as their presidential candidate. Hearst's newspapers asserted that the Soviet Union had ordered American communists to back Roosevelt. https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1936, Maps of World - United States Presidential Election of 1936, United States History - United States Presidential Election of 1936, United States presidential election of 1932, United States presidential election of 1940. Instead, he had been plotting with Father Charles Coughlin, a Catholic priest and populist talk radio personality, to run someone else on the soon-to-be-formed "Share Our Wealth" Party ticket. So it was sort of an irreducible minimum that Obamacare had to be in order to work at all, and I think thats what they got. Retrieved July 31, 2005. . The thing about FDR that I think Obama has begun to learn from, but needed to learn a lot earlier, was that FDR, when he talked about his programs, he always acknowledged they were all not going to work. Alf Landon 1936 Presidential Campaign US . Landon could do little to stem the Roosevelt tide. A good example of that is Social Security, which was pared back from the original ambition pretty sharply so it could get enacted, then it had to be basically fixed. The U.S. Congress enacted the Social Security Act, originally called the Economic Security Bill, in August of 1935. . The nearly 17 million men and women who, even in Roosevelt's moment of supreme triumph in 1936, voted for Alf Landon could not all have been plutocrats. Savage, Sean J. . That same year, America's entry into World War I prompted Landon to enlist in the Army, where he received a commission in the chemical warfare corps. Breckinridge's challenge of the popularity of the New Deal among Democrats failed miserably. During his first campaign for the presidency in 1932, he stated outright that what were going to do is to try everything to get out of this Depression. The 1936 United States presidential election was the 38th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936.In the midst of the Great Depression, incumbent Democratic President Franklin D. Roosevelt defeated Republican Governor Alf Landon of Kansas.Roosevelt won the highest share of the popular and electoral vote since the largely uncontested 1820 election. For example, the poll indicated that he would command upwards of 100,000 votes in New York State, a pivotal state in any national election and a vote of that size could easily mean the difference between victory and defeat That number of votes would mostly come from our side and the result might spell disaster". This is the largest tax bill in history. Alf Landon Quotes. Father Charles E. 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