One has to determine exactly how motivated the strikers are, as this will influence possible ethical dilemmas when the strike is at an advanced stage. She received no special favors from anyone. As is well known, the World Medical Association (WMA) Declaration of Tokyo of 1975 prohibits any participation in torture, whether actively, passively or through use of medical knowledge, by a medical doctor. The key issue in a hunger strike is that voluntary total fasting should indeed be voluntary . She was later moved to a different prison. The first is that the students are really enjoying this. Usually there will be nothing for them to do, as the hunger strike generally peters out by itself. The striker does not want to die: on the contrary, he wants to live better, by obtaining something for himself, his group or his country. What was the immediate motivation for suffragists to embark on hunger strikes? I will conclude with thoughts on how mass incarceration can be cost effective on the taxpayers and communities. A climate of trust is obviously essential here, as in any doctor-patient relationship. Although all involve a certain degree of fasting, they vary greatly in their impact on health and in the ethical dilemmas they may ultimately cause. So I hope we soon get to the point where nobody is a minority, and instead we are all just Americans. The case of the Moroccan hunger strikers, described in a report by ICHP (Voguet and Raat 1989), who were repeatedly force-fed over months or even years of continuing hunger strike, lends strong support to this argument. Article 5, which deals with hunger strikes and specifically prohibits force-feeding, was meant to provide support for doctors confronted with prisoners who were victims of torture. WebIt explores the advantages and disadvantages of protests (such as the Zimbabwean case discussed here) that depend on political space opened up by hostile inter-governmental The attitude of certain doctors to these collective strikes has sometimes been just as politicized as that of the striking prisoners. Doctors should be attentive to patients of this sort, as they may well be medical cases that require medical attention they do not actually ask for. In Johannesburg Kalk and Veriava (1991) treated 33 prisone rs who had gone on hunger strike to protest against their conditions of detention. Refeeding Syndrome Signs This type of food refuser may indeed decline to take food for some time. Before discussing the effects of fasting and its ethical implications, it is first of all necessary to define the very different situations involved. Although the Malta Declaration again makes the case against any force-feeding, it also stipulates that doctors should ultimately act for the benefit of their patients. After much debate, in which the ICRC was officially involved, with the author of this paper actively lobbying and working on the issue, the WMA decided to draw up a new statement, the 1991 WMA Declaration of Malta on hunger strikes. On April 6, 2016, she started a "dry" hunger strike, refusing both food and fluids. The prisoners concerned often regard themselves, and claim to be, legitimate hunger strikers. The issue of the fasting prisoners consent warrants particular scrutiny, as it is a key factor in determining the actions doctors involved will have to take. This deals exclusively with the issue of voluntary total fasting and the doctors role vis--vis prisoners in such circumstances, without making any reference to situations of torture. Physicians working in prisons, despite what may be their best intentions, may not be trusted by prisoners, and may be perceived, perhaps wrongly, as part of the coercive authority. A long-term fasting totally eliminates the feeling of depression, says Karine Sargsyan, a proctologist and gastroenterologist. Converse Bank has completed the distribution of bonds, On the occasion of March 8 Karen Vardanyan donated 113 million drams to 562 mothers of many children in Lori, Ucom offers Honor X9a smartphone at 4000 amd/month, plus Honor X3 wreless earbuds, 100 GB of nternet and a nce phone number, Information on Viva-MTS coverage map and technologies made publicly available, Ucom announces CEO transition. People in a hunter-gatherer Any advice they give may be interpreted by the hunger strikers as a ploy by the authorities to dissua de them from fasting. Although the ICRC sent a team with a medical doctor to see the fasting prisoners (as was widely reported in the press at time), the hunger strikers in this case refused to accept any outside medical mediation. Since costs tend to grow over time, teams cut budgets instead of looking at costs. It has already been said that hunger strikes do not just involve people in custody. This so-called "Russian method" of protest, as it was described by several media outlets at the time, was later used by British suffragettes, with the first one being held by Marion Wallace Dunlop in 1909. The episode, which resulted in several deaths (some of the prisoners ended their hunger strikes to eat poison) became known as the "Kara tragedy" and the prison was closed soon after. Soviet dissident Anatoly Marchenko went on several hunger strikes and died in prison in 1986, most likely from complications of a hunger strike. In any group of hunger strikers who have decided on a serious fast as a means of protest, there will be other pressures in addition to the obvious peer-group pressure. (This sometimes led to bitter arguments, with some hunger strikers telling their families they would never forgive them if they broke the strike by asking for medical assistance on their behalf. Distinct from the food refusers are the actual hunger strikers, i e prisoners who undergo a substantial period of voluntary total fasting for a specific purpose. In the Money, which is also generally known as ITM, is defined as the moneyness state of an option, i.e., when compared to the price at which the option can be bought or sold, i.e., its strike price and precisely the term in the Money means the situation when the option on an underlying asset has crossed its strike price which results While the loss of muscle mass may be significant, a person usually dies because of an infection or organ failure. It is estimated that if a protester is healthy before going on a hunger strike, and continues to receive fluids, he or she is at risk of dying from malnutrition after six to eight weeks. His first civics lesson? If the doctor can gain the confidence of all involved, in some cases a compromise may be reached or an issue clarified through him that can lead to the end of the strike (see the example below involving the ICRC in Georgia). South Africa Med J 83: 391-394, Kalk WJ, Veriawa Y (1991) Hospital management of voluntary total fasting among political prisoners. On the occasion of Women's Month, Viva-MTS, Armenia's leading telecommunications operator presented "The Woman", a story project that features five successful women. 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Due to a lack of carbohydrates, the body switches to its fat and protein reserves and starts using them as its main source of energy. Inside the world of the prison, individuals may be subjected to many pressures. Taking action for the patients benefit may sometimes mean disobeying his express wishes and reviving him, if the doctor is convinced that the patient will ultimately be glad to be brought back from the verge of death. It is for people being held in prison, or in any other form of custody, that the issue of hunger strikes takes on an additional dimension. Such an action is often aimed at protesting prison conditions, achieving a policy change, or bringing attention to a certain case or cause. This law is an expression of the collective position of the current government against freedom of speech. patient experiences mixed feelings while on fasting. The question of force-feeding is a case in point, and this will be discussed further on. Such actions can be considered a form of torture, and under no circumstances should doctors participate in them, on the pretext of saving the hunger strikers life. If refusing fluids, too, death can come after one week. She was charged with involvement in the deaths of two journalists, which she denies, and sentenced to 22 years in prison. Pressure to deliver within time; The hunger savers have to work under immense pressure such that the food they deliver stays in Doctors should never be party to actual coercive feeding, with prisoners being tied down and intravenous drips or oesophageal tubes being forced into them. Some of these strikes have not been very determined at all, despite claims to the contrary. preventing post-injury complications is a goal for partner organizations, JTI awarded Global Top Employer for the 9th consecutive year, Changes have been applied to the monthly fees of the Level Up prepaid tariff plans of the Ucom mobile services, Ameriabank has provided business loans totaling over AMD 14 billion to the renewable energy sector, Targeted support is in the spotlight of Viva-MTS, Converse Bank receives its second award this year, The European Union and Viva-MTS join forces with Catalyst Foundation to support Armenian Tech Entrepreneurs. Hunger strikers often rely on the moral force of their protest, as some may be determined to even die for their cause. Even political hunger strikes are not all deadly serious, and many may peter out within a few days after generating sufficient publicity. In a few cases, it was the families of prisoners who asked doctors to intervene at an advanced stage to save their sons'lives, a request that was complied with. She later said that, in an attempt to turn other prisoners against her, prison officials locked inmates in their rooms and restricted their movement. While online marketing and promotional strategies do level the playing field to some extent, cost represents the big disadvantage for most marketing efforts. Viva-MTS, Level Up only for students: Ucom offers X2 and X3 more internet, Virtual PBX: new service within Viva-MTS business package, Targeted support through personal assistants. When analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of different approaches, it is important to recognize that persistent hunger benefits some people. The reasons for fasting in custody can be extremely varied (Restellini 1989, Johannes Wier Foundation 1995), from protesting against perceived petty offences to higher moral, political or philosophical considerations. Here are 22 essential L.A. spots for every tourist, Column: We cant afford another writers strike. The second type of food refuser is the determined food refuser . It should hardly be necessary to state that any form of religious fasting clearly has nothing to do with hunger strikes. What they have A case involving the application of Article 5 which occurred in South Africa in 1989 attracted widespread comment. It is essential to know exactly what the situation is to be able to respond in the most constructive way and avoid making false assumptions. Why do protesters put their lives in danger and use hunger strikes as a form of protest? (In the few cases where prisoners were threatening to go on dry strikes, i e with no intake of water either, the author was always able to persuade them not to do it and to limit their fasting to solid foods, as a dry strike could very quickly produce serious and perhaps irreversible health problems. One suffers a [physical or mental] breakdown, while another has positive feelings and new energy. In countries where prisoners rights are not fully respected, hunger strikes may be a last resort for prisoners wanting to protest against their situation The World Medical Association (WMA) hasestablished Guidelines for doctors involved in hunger strikes. The motivation behind the strike might appear not to be an issue for the physician. This may be because of a refu sed appeal. The prison authorities, and particularly the prison guards, will watch out for any sign of weakness. By refusing food (or food and fluids, in the case of what's called a dry hunger strike), protesters put their lives in danger, risking permanent damage to their health and, eventually, death. India's Mahatma Gandhi staged several hunger strikes to protest British rule, the longest said to have been 21 days. Other suffragettes followed her example. Hunger strikes by prisoners all over the world are a much more common occurrence than in the past, as any prison governor (and the media) is well aware. The motive behind the refusal of food is completely different from that of the preceding category, as is also the way in which it is carried out. With the increasing number of drone pilots and drones becoming more mainstream, the fun factor of drones is certainly a huge contributing factor to the growth of the industry. In Turkey, in the summer of 1996, hundreds of political prisoners went on hunger strike, protesting about various issues concerning their imprisonment. Here are some of the key points to consider. We are deeply concerned about the danger to their health in the sacrifice they have been making. over 60 days. Such behavior causes muscle weakness, vulnerability to infections, psychological problems, and, eventually, organ failure. Young, inexperienced prison doctors, or doctors on loan from outside medical services, may often be at a loss with this type of hunger striker, not knowing what to expect from their patient. For doctors working with prisoners or within a prison service, there is also the question of medical monitoring of fasting prisoners, and ultimately - albeit rarely - the issue of medical intervention to stop a hunger strike, mainly by force-feeding. The first type of food refuser is the reactive food refuser , arguably the most common sort of hunger striker in prisons. That is why officials sometimes forcibly feed hunger strikers -- or threaten to do so. Disadvantages of manual harvesting. In March-April 2021, jailed Russian opposition leader Aleksei Navalny refused food for 24 days to protest what he called inadequate medical care and to demand that he be seen by his own doctor. Maria Alyokhina, a jailed member of the Russian performance-art punk band Pussy Riot, started a hunger strike because she was not allowed to attend her own parole hearing. Galaxy Group of Companies and Fondation Universit Franaise en Armnie Sign Memorandum of Understanding, "The Woman": Viva-MTS project dedicated to women's month, We believe in the potential of our team and Armenia. It is inappropriate to assert, however, that hunger strikers should be placed in the same category as persons intending to commit suicide. If a hunger striker perforates an ulcer after only a week, the whole purpose of the strike - in addition to his health - will be jeopardized to no avail. WebThe advantages and disadvantages of solitary confinement are as follows: hunger strikes, and other types of collective action. State Department, There is no word yet on sending CSTO peacekeeping troops to Armenia, we hope that the conflict will be resolved peacefully. WebPreserving Food Artificial preservatives may act as antioxidants, make food more acidic, reduce the moisture level of food, slow down the ripening process and prevent the growth of microorganisms, all of which help the food last longer. Even in the midst of extreme suffering, these behaviors may be considered as a method for prisoners to reclaim control and autonomy over their life. less weather-dependent. In addition, they may fear that, if they let a protester die, he or she could become a martyr for that cause. ), In the Irish strikes, the prisoners families were very much involved and communicated with the prison doctors. Facing permanent damage to his health and the prospect of being force-fed, he ended the hunger strike on October 6, 2018. Due to fears that she might die in prison and thus give the movement more sympathy among the public, she was released after 91 hours. Another member of the group, Nadezhda Tolokonnikova, started a hunger strike in September 2013 to protest against prison conditions. This refers to prisoners and voluntary total fasting outside any situation of torture (see: WMA Handbook of Declarations, WMA Ferney-Voltaire, France). This was the key issue behind the inclusion of Article 5 relating to hunger strikes. (Soldiers charging a heavily defended enemy position also run the risk of dying. Second, these people are not opposed to racial discrimination in principle. Although Tokyo and Malta apply to very different situations, they share the obvious common denominator of being concerned with the patients welfare. (This position based on respect for a patients integrity and his right to refuse treatment, was the exact opposite of the attitude held earlier in the century, when political hunger strikers were force-fed by court order in 1909. It was in this context that the controversial medical act of force-feeding was performed for the first time by court order (in 1909). How voluntary such a strike really is, for those actually concerned, may not be so clear when a prisoner from a group spontaneously volunteers to fast, but it must be determined, particularly if the fast assumes serious proportions. Even after a protester decides to end a hunger strike, there is the potential risk of "refeeding syndrome." Russian opposition activist Lyubov Sobol launched a hunger strike in July 2019 after she was barred from running in an election for Moscow's city legislature. Therefore, the U.K.'s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence suggests that trained health-care professionals make sure that nutrients are cautiously and gradually introduced to anyone who has refused food for five days or more. By Jane Chung. If a prisoner undergoing torture decided to protest against his plight by going on a hunger strike, a doctor should not be obliged to administer nourishment against the prisoners will and thereby effectively revive him for more torture. And what sparked the first major hunger strike believed to have been held in Russia? Finally, if the hunger strike gains attention from the outside, the media will also undoubtedly exert pressure on the situation. When workers feel that they are being As people suffering from malnutrition are not able to do any hard work. Artak Hanesyan, CEO of Ameriabank, summarizes the Triple Best campaign, Another modern infrastructure system has been installed in a rural region of Armenia, Ucoms uKid smart watch is available in new colors, with new application and will work in 4G network, 107 million drams from Mikayel Vardanyan to the mothers of children with disabilities in Gegharkunik, TOON EXPO 2023 exhibition was held with Ucoms technical support, Converse Bank's bonds have been listed on Armenian Stock Exchange, As a result of the collaboration, the family's and child's quality of life has improved. Are all such cas es of fasting genuine hunger strikes? He was protesting his medical treatment after his personal doctors were not allowed to examine him when he complained of pain in his legs and back. As people suffering from malnutrition are not able to do any hard It was the June The real reason for Article 5 is, however, different (personal communication by Dr. Andr Wynen, former and Honorary Secretary-General and founding member of the WMA). In many cases, they wanted to know more about what they were getting themselves into, and requested information about the effects of hunger strikes. This type of refuser is generally the opposite of the reactive type. Physicians are duty-bound to care for their patients, and this includes hunger- striking prisoners, against the background of trust established in a true doctor-patient relationship. According to a study written by Kevin Grant, a professor of history at Hamilton College in New York, one of these hunger strikes was recorded in 1878, when political prisoners held in the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg refused food to protest against inhumane prison conditions. Force-feeding is done against someone's will, usually by inserting a plastic tube through the hunger striker's nose into the stomach. A hunger strike is a special type of protest in which participants are prepared to harm themselves to achieve a goal. A number of things strike me as I read this story. Not Hollywood, not L.A., not the country, At 19, he won a local school board seat. WebReal hunger strikes involve actual fasting , which has to be voluntary and has to be pursued for a specific purpose . hunger strike: [noun] refusal (as by a prisoner) to eat enough to sustain life. Fasting prisoners who are mentally ill or otherwise incapable of unimpaired rational judgement and decision-making cannot be considered real hunger strikers, whatever their own claims. While the goal might be to keep the protester alive, force-feeding is considered to be cruel, inhumane, and degrading treatment. Extract from the publication "Maltreatment and Torture", in the series Research in Legal Medicine - Volume 19 / Rechtsmedizinische Forschungsergebnisse - Band 19. What Are the Advantages of Labor Unions? Most families, in fact, supported their sons or husbands on the strike.). WebDisadvantages of Nationwide Strikes: Harmful for the Economy: The strikes initially are harmful for the economy as they ensure that the striking workers do not get any work done. One of these strikes started in solidarity with a prisoner, Yelizaveta Kovalskaya, who had been violently transferred after she had allegedly insulted a visiting official. To be valid in law, a strike must be conducted by a trade union and must He served five years of a 20-year sentence before being released in a prisoner swap between Kyiv and Russia-backed separatists. In other situations, however, forcible nourishment will be a crucial issue, and will lead to much soul-searching for the physicians involved. The Geneva-based organizations visits to prisoners around the world are just one part of its varied work protecting victims of conflict and violence everywhere. If, however, a prisoner at an advanced stage of a hunger strike is restored to consciousness or to a physiological situation where there can be no doubt about his state of mind, and that prisoner clearly indicates disapproval of the doctors action, then the doctor should be prepared to step back and not intervene again. Depending on the duration, [the organism] may normalize at the expense of compensatory mechamisms, she said, adding that such hormonal changes depend on the organisms predisposition. After making his point, however, he quietly admitted that he was, in fact, happy to be alive. Many were released from prison, but others were forcibly fed. The ban on force-feeding relates to the background to the declaration, i.e. The contraindications are given to patients with malignant tumors (though Bragg insists on the contrary), people who are up to 15 percent underweight, as well as those suffering from pulmonary TB, blood diseases, diabetes, heart and stomach disorders, stomach ulcer etc. Philip Reeker, Ucom subscribers to enjoy the best roaming rate of 8 AMD/MB in Georgia, Egypt and UAE, Ameriabank Launches Google Pay and Google Wallet Support for Card Users in Armenia, Karen Vardanyan donated 112 million drams for the medical equipment for National Center for Infectious Diseases, Google Pay is a new contactless payment option for Converse Bank customers, Ucom has introduced future network WI-FI 6E routers, Galaxy Group Member TIME celebrated its 10 years of establishment, Ookla has awarded Ucom with both The fastest fixed network in Armenia 2022 and The fastest mobile network Speedtest awards, Viva-MTS: Ongoing partnership justified results, Viva-MTS: Hand in hand against desertification. Seasoned prison doctors, who have spent whole careers working in prison environments, will be best at handling such prisoners, carefully balancing respect for the patient with a firm approach on what they can and should do from a medical point of view. Although some doctors would even argue for a case of acute and severe depression, it can be claimed that not all suicides are necessarily to be medicalized.) Article reproduced on this site with the kind permission of the publisher (1). Jailed opposition politician Aleksei Navalny began his hunger strike on March 31, 2021. It therefore seems appropriate to begin by defining exactly what is meant by the rather sombre term hunger strike. While people can survive up to several weeks without food under certain conditions, physical and mental impairment can begin within two to three days. Finally, it will make a case for respecting the informed decision to accept or refuse medical assistance made by prisoners whose fasting is a genuine last resort protest in custodial settings. In the following years, there were also several hunger strikes by female political prisoners in Siberia, which were "remarkable given the relatively small number of female political prisoners sent" there. After a 21-day protest in Liberty Square, he is going to end his hunger-strike later on Sunday. It may be a local incident, such as a change of cell or cell-mate that the prisoner is unwilling to accept. Sometimes forcibly feed hunger strikers often rely on the situation a prisoner ) eat! Proctologist and gastroenterologist and particularly the prison guards, will watch out for any sign weakness... Motivation behind the strike might appear not to be cruel, inhumane and... Been held in Russia the Geneva-based organizations visits to prisoners around the world of reactive. 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