The actions of mirtazapine lead to a unique side-effect profile. mirtazapine (Remeron): Alpha2 agonist; NaSSA (noradrenaline serotonergic agent); dual serotonin and norepinephrine agent o Mirtazapine is also approved for MDD, panic disorder, GAD, and PTST. Please let your doctor know as soon as you can. Mirtazapine and Movement Disorders. On the mirtazapine I am significantly happier, panic attacks decreased to 1 every month if not every other month, or every few months, and even when I'm on my cycle. Hope you get it sorted. Braz J Med Biol Res . Remeron (Mirtazapine) Withdrawal And Detox Like most antidepressants, abruptly quitting Remeron (Mirtazapine) can result in intense withdrawals. Then you want to sleep a lot. I was on Mirtazapine (30mgs) but because of it making me put on 11kgs and making me too sleepy and my circulation go weird I lowered to (15mgs) a night on Sunday and started taking Lexapro (10mgs) every morning, I have to use both of these until I see my doctor next … I am prescribed 15 mg but only take half because it was making me feel spaced out and sleepy next day. Currently, Mirtazapine is approved for treating major depressive disorders, but the unique dual mechanism of action has led many to wonder about potential alternative uses. Remeron: Although only approved to treat depression, it is commonly prescribed off-label for generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, OCD, panic attacks, and PTSD. Hi, I too was prescribed Mirtazapine for anxiety/panic attacks & also insomnIa. Then you want to sleep a lot. I won't say I'm completely better as I have the occasional bad spell, but just ride the storm until it passes. For Anxiety: “I have experienced severe anxiety+ extreme panic attacks/disorder for the last 7 years. The 15-week trial started with a 3-week single-blind placebo run-in period. Mirtazapine, a newer antidepressant with a novel mechanism of action enhancing both norepinephrine and serotonin levels without reuptake inhibition, is a good candidate for the treatment of panic disorder. Panic Disorder message board, open discussion, and online support group. Brazilian Journal Mirtazapine of fluoxetine versus Medical and Biological in panic Research (2001) 34: 1303-1307 disorder 1303 ISSN 0100-879X Short Communication Mirtazapine versus fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder L. Ribeiro, J.V. In this open label pilot study, we studied the efficacy of mirtazapine (Remeron) in panic disorder. Social anxiety was reduced in 5 out of 12 patients [ 25 ]. After a 1-week placebo, 27 out-patients were randomized to an 8-week treatment with either fluoxetine or mirtazapine in a flexible dose design. Home Mental Health Anxiety and Panic Attacks Coming off Mirtazapine and dealing with anxiety. 1 Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant that acts by antagonizing the adrenergic α 2-auto-receptors and α 2-heteroreceptors, as well as by … Ms. A also met the criteria for major depression, panic disorder, and PTSD. About High Remeron . Sam72gvn. Hi I take mirtazapine to help me sleep as well. My diagnoses is Depression and Panic disorder. Strug LJ, Suresh R, Fyer AJ, Talati A, Adams PB, Li W, et al. Hi I take mirtazapine to help me sleep as well. Remeron for GAD/panic disorder. Do not hesitate to take it. Unlike some antidepressants, mirtazapine […] Mirtazapine History & Uses. Bev x I am suffering from anxiety and panic disorder for the past two years and i am under medication Nexito 10 mg Tofisapam 100 and 50 mg Lonazep 0.25 on sos basis 2001 Nov 1. atomoxetine and mirtazapine both decrease QTc interval. Mirtazapine can be used to treat numerous disorders, including major depressive disorders, sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on some occasions, panic disorders and long-lasting fatigue. SSRIs are one of the most effective medications to treat anxiety and depression. They are also the most favored depression medications for dealing with anxiety symptoms because of lesser side effects. Amongst medications for anxiety, panic, and related psychological disorders, tricyclic antidepressants cannot be ignored. Incidentally, before starting I had trouble sleeping and a loss of appetite because of those two things. [12] [13] [14] Because of the risk of suicide, some patients may need inpatient monitoring until the symptoms have subsided. I have recently experienced an extreme anxiety attack, and was put onto this medication Avanza Mirtazapine. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant whose side effect profile differs from that of first-line agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) used in the treatment of panic disorder. My panic attacks manifest as racing heart, skipping beats, feeling like I’m going to die or lose my mind, disassociation, gastrointestinal issues, breathing trouble, right throat, basically the classics. With medical big data and AI algorithms, eHealthMe enables everyone to run phase IV clinical trial to detect adverse drug … Mirtazapine is an antidepressant whose side effect profile differs from that of first-line agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) used in the treatment of panic disorder. The chronic insomnia started in 1990. as well as the panic disorder and depression. Mirtazapine has been looked at in the treatment of panic disorder in a double-blind study of 27 patients treated with either mirtazapine or fluoxetine. Vote. Using it with mirtazapine may enhance certain side effects like dizziness, drowsiness, and poor focus. 11732403. It is less likely to cause side effects than and has fewer drug interactions. A number of smaller trials (n 100) have also shown promising results with mirtazapine in other psychiatric disorders, including post-stroke depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, undifferentiated somatoform disorder and (as add-on therapy) in schizophrenia. After coming to uni - a step that I was so so not ready for and yet has helped me grow so much - my panics have got slightly better. The present study compared the effect of mirtazapine and fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder in a double-blind, randomized, flexible-dose trial conducted with Remeron for GAD/panic disorder. Hi all, I generally have social anxiety but the past six months have had nasty panic disorder. The aim of this open label trial was to evaluate mirtazapine tolerability and effectiveness in controlling symptomatology of patients with panic disorder. The main side-effects were different from the usual side-effects in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) (initial drowsiness, weight gain and pain in the legs). The effect of mirtazapine in panic disorder: an open label pilot study with a single-blind placebo run-in period. Whywhy has given you some very good advice there about going back to the doctor if they continue. Panic disorder is associated with the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) but not the promoter region (5 … Mirtazapine can help to reduce the feelings of anxiety. Mirtazapine is a brilliant medication for depression and anxiety as it targets both serotonin and noradrenaline. Iam just concerned about the length of time i have been on it and what kind of withdrawal i will have. Faster out of depression]. So far, only one randomized, double-blind trial investigating the efficacy of mirtazapine in panic disorder has been published 12. My GP told me it helps me to sleep, helps with coping substances in my brain, and also acts as an anti-depressant. Patients with PD are at increased risk for other anxiety disorders, depression, suicide, substance abuse, and occupational and social impairment.1-7 Panic disorder is also associated with sub - We investigated the efficacy of mirtazapine in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Dr. Aiken: Another database review found possible movement disorders associated with mirtazapine. The drug has sedative, antiemetic, anxiolytic, and appetite stimulant effects, which explains its off-label use for insomnia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social anxiety disorder, … i take it in conjunction with xanax and inderal, both used to treat anxiety and panic attacks. Search for a thread. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant whose side effect profile differs from that of first-line agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) used in the treatment of panic disorder. 2001). The main treatment options are psychotherapy and medications. Forty-four adult outpatients with GAD were treated openly with a fixed dose of mirtazapine (30mg) for 12 weeks. Panic Attacks During Escalation of Mirtazapine Timothy R. Bergan, MD ... α 2-autoreceptorand α 2-heteroreceptor. Lexapro (escitalopram) is good for treating depression and anxiety. Read reviews from GoodRx users who have taken Remeron (mirtazapine) and find the latest news on the drug. Regards pledge Twenty-eight patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia (10 males/18 females), were included and 19 patients completed the study. My P Doc suggested it too but said we can wait a while. It is usually taken before bedtime. Busnello, Setor de Psicofarmacologia, Departamento de Psiquiatria, M. Kauer-Sant’Anna, Hospital de Clínicas de … After having no success, in fact increased anxiety with Paxil and Buspar, I started on Remeron last June. when taken by itself without concomittant medication, i agree that its efficiency for panic disorder is questionable. If panic attacks aren't treated, they can get worse and develop into panic disorder or phobias. At one point they were so bad I couldnt leave the house. Mirtazapine was also shown to be comparable to fluoxetine in a small (n=27) randomized, double-blind study of panic disorder (Ribeiro et al 2001). Effect of interaction is not clear, use caution. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant whose side effect profile differs from that of first-line agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) used in the … mirtazapine increases and armodafinil decreases sedation. Off label use of Remeron: Panic/Anxiety. Companion titles include Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging and Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science.The Society's purpose is to promote excellence in scientific research and education in … Right now iam on 300 mg of SeroquelXR, 20 mg of Buspar, 20 mgs of Propanolol, and 45 mgs of Mirtazapine. 6. I am taking abilify 20mg daily and mirtazapine 30mg daily. Mirtazapine is a brilliant medication for depression and anxiety as it targets both serotonin and noradrenaline. Since taking the Abilify I have had panic attacks and they are getting worse. Bipolar Depression. You can easily taper off and stop after you improve. The study is created by eHealthMe from 8 Mirtazapine users and is updated continuously. The effects of all controls and adolescent predictors of ASPD (MDD, disruptive disorder, anxiety disorder, and SUD) were entered simultaneously in the regression equation. Treatment can help reduce the intensity and frequency of your panic attacks and improve your function in daily life. I seem to have a lot of problems with Chronic Stress for about 10 years now. The drug may have some efficacy for other conditions like PTSD, anxiety, panic disorder, insomnia, and OCD. 4 Mirtazapine has shown favorable results in 4 open-label studies and a case series. My brother is taking both these drugs and has been experiencing debilitating panic attacks daily at almost regular times. Mirtazapine (Remeron) [ 55] has a much more sedating effect, generally reducing its potential to aggravate initial anxiety. I meditate daily. However, it might not be a good choice if you have liver or heart problems. Well it appears like the current mix of medications -zoloft 100 mg morning and mirtazapine 15 mg night is unable to manage your anxiety symptoms that well and hence you feel anxious and the c'est heaviness could be related to anxiety as well. 2009 Nov 13. So i suggest below mentioned points. In patients with substance use disorder and panic disorder, it is recommended that gabapentin, and mirtazapine is used. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. Mirtazapine was found to perform better than placebos at treating generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder, which are debilitating disorders causing an … 2003) and equivalent to fluoxetine in panic disorder (Ribeiro et al. o Sedation can be problematic. Sam72gvn. You most likely will get intense hunger for the wrong foods, and with that comes weight gain, dry mouth and constipation caused by what you eat and not Remeron itself. It is thought that mirtazapine helps people stay off methamphetamine by modulating the monoamine depletion that characterizes the withdrawal state and leads people to keep returning to meth use. For those of you who are prescribed mirta for GAD/panic disorder, I'm wondering how long it took until you saw improvement? I also recommend adding buspirone to reduce your panic attacks. The aim of this open label trial was to evaluate mirtazapine tolerability and effectiveness in controlling symptomatology of patients with panic disorder. FDA appove of Remeron is for major depressive disorder. Mirtazapine versus fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder. This is a phase IV clinical study of how effective Mirtazapine (mirtazapine) is for Panic disorder and for what kind of people. I’m in therapy, getting EMDR. Mirtazapine reduced the intensity of panic attacks in patients with panic disorder, showing effectiveness comparable to fluoxetine [ 22, 21, 23, 24 ]. FDA appove of Remeron is for major depressive disorder. Mirtazapine acts distinctly as an alpha-2 … Long term ratings: 3.3/5. She began treatment with mirtazapine, 7.5 mg q.i.d., which was increased in 7.5-mg increments every 2 weeks up to a daily dose of 30 mg. Search for a thread. Panic disorder (PD) is a devastating illness, associated with much physical and psychiatric comorbidity and significant functional disability. I have been battling with GAD and Panic for about 5 years now. I have now been off medications for panic disorder and GAD for 7 months on the 23rd of this month. More Information. Results suggest that mirtazapine has properties that make it attractive for the treatment of panic disorder and shows no significant differences between the two treatment groups in number of panic attacks. It didn't cause panic attacks though. Mirtazapine has an average rating of 6.6 out of 10 from a total of 445 ratings for the treatment of Anxiety. Use Caution/Monitor. It is often prescribed in drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers for dual diagnosis treatment. Learn about Remeron (mirtazapine), potential side effects, proper use and dosing, and popular alternatives. 33(8):1479-83. It has a similar efficacy to SSRIs and TCAs, and it may be a better option for certain populations. Hello everyone :) I'm Jess, 18, and I've had severe panic attacks for about 4 years. 2001;34:1303–7. The symptomatic profile of panic disorder is shaped by the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. Strug LJ, Suresh R, Fyer AJ, Talati A, Adams PB, Li W, et al. The effect of mirtazapine in panic disorder: an open label pilot study with a single-blind placebo run-in period. Children younger than 18 years of age should not normally take mirtazapine, but in some cases, a doctor may decide that mirtazapine is the best medication to treat a child's condition. 2009 Nov 13. Severe cases can result in delirium that triggers a series of seizures. Twenty-eight patients with a DSM-IV diagnosis of panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia (10 males/18 females), were included and 19 patients completed the study. 3. The material flows optimally onto cavity walls and undercut regions. Hi all, I just found out about a possible drug interaction between Azilect (rasagiline) and Mirtazapine. It is very good non benzodiazepine anti anxiety drug. ... *— Lower starting dosages are recommended for older patients and for patients with panic disorder, anxiety, hepatic disease, and co-occurring medical conditions. He also reports a racing heart during these panic attacks. 4.9k views Reviewed >2 years ago. Patients were assessed with a structured psychiatric interview and their … The clinical significance of these changes is unknown. Ten adult outpatients with a primary diagnosis of panic disorder were treated openly with mirtazapine. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant whose side effect profile differs from that of first-line agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) used in the treatment of panic disorder. Mirtazapine has demonstrated efficacy for panic disorder in multiple open-label trials and in one double-blind, head-to-head study with fluoxetine, with effective dosing ranging from 15 to 30 mg daily (82–84). Use Caution/Monitor. More research is needed in those areas. I take it for panic disorder and GAD. I am prescribed 15 mg but only take half because it was making me feel spaced out and sleepy next day. Remeron is used for the treatment of major depressive disorder and sleep disorder. Filter by condition. Clonazepam (Klonopin) is a medication that helps control seizures, panic disorder, and movement disorders. Coming off Mirtazapine and dealing with anxiety. Bipolar Depression. The effects of all controls and adolescent predictors of ASPD (MDD, disruptive disorder, anxiety disorder, and SUD) were entered simultaneously in the regression equation. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. Mirtazapine is a tetracyclic antidepressant in the NaSSA class. The results of an open label study in panic disorder (2001) suggest that Mirtazapine seems to be a fast & effective treatment alternative for ssris in panic disorder. 14,15. Hi there. Bev x In this open label pilot study, we studied the efficacy of mirtazapine (Remeron) in panic disorder. It seems like alot of medicine. 28/01/2014 at 3:59 pm. 2001 Nov. 11712626 [Interference in the serotoninergic and noradrenergic system. Even though only approved for treatment of depression in the U.S., doctors worldwide do prescribe mirtazapine for anxiety, being used successfully for several conditions, including generalized anxiety disorder, panic, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social … Mirtazapine has been reported to target symptoms of anxiety (agitation, somatization, psychic anxiety, panic attacks) that often occur in depressed patients. At 15mg you will feel quite dopey for a few days, I won't lie! Forty-five patients with panic disorder, with or without agoraphobia, 11 of them with a comorbid diagnosis of major depression, were included. Mirtazapine is also used as dual diagnosis treatment in some drug and alcohol rehabilitation centers. I recommend reducing mirtazapine. This pa- ties.1,4–6 However, the incidence of sexual dysfunction varies tient has sustained her normal libido for 3 months of mirtaza- with SSRIs. Whywhy has given you some very good advice there about going back to the doctor if they continue. ... and mirtazapine. But this soon goes away, just be … The results of this open label study in panic disorder suggest that mirtazapine seems to be a fast and effective treatment alternative for SSRIs in panic disorder. remeron have pretty strong sedative effects which is … The acid-base reaction of the total root length remeron for panic disorder (fig. Please let your doctor know as soon as you can. Clonazepam is good anti anxiety and when it is taken under proper medical guidance it works excellently in panic attacks. Learn about side effects, warnings, dosage, and more. Mirtazapine is an atypical antidepressant and is used primarily for the treatment of a major depressive disorder. If you are unclear why this medication is being … Mirtazapine (Remeron, Remeron SolTab) is an oral medication used to treat depression. Mirtazapine is an atypical antidepressant and is used primarily for the treatment of a major depressive disorder. briefly mentions mirtazapine in their clinical guidelines for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and panic disorders but mainly indicates its utility as an adjunctive agent and notes low-quality evidence as a primary concern.1-3 The Veterans Affairs PTSD guidelines mention mirtazapine’suseas Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder characterized by anxiety attacks with accompanied palpitations, sweating, trembling, or shaking, shortness of breath, chest pain, nausea, dizziness, feelings of detachment, fear of dying, numbness or tingling sensations, and chills or hot flashes. A placebo-controlled study (1997) demonstrated efficacy of citalopram in reducing panic attacks. targeted anxiety disorders. A small, open-label, flexibly-dosed trial of vortioxetine was suggestive of benefit for panic disorder . Thanks for the inputs. Panic disorder is associated with the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) but not the promoter region (5 … Responders at week 8 (number of panic attacks equal to 0) were 77% for the mirtazapine group and 73% for the paroxetine group Statistically significant differences between mirtazapine and paroxetine were found for number of panic attacks at weeks 3 and 8 and BAI at week 3, suggesting a faster response for mirtazapine. It didn't cause panic attacks though. Posted by 5 minutes ago. Olanzapine, sold under the trade name Zyprexa among others, is an atypical antipsychotic primarily used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. atomoxetine. 10 The panic attacks were … Both meds have been associated with panic attacks during tx. Melatonin 28/01/2014 at 3:59 pm. I started off on 15mg about 15months ago, I tapered down to 7.50 as I slowly started to feel better and my sleeping pattern returned. Mirtazapine (Remeron®, Remeron ... • Anxiety disorders like post traumatic stress disorder and panic disorder • Sleep disorders (insomnia) Your doctor may be using this medication for another reason. Mirtazapine was associated with a mean increase in heart rate of 3.4 bpm, compared to 0.8 bpm for placebo. Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) Treatment. Mirtazapine has been shown to be 80 percent effective in clinical trials for anxiety. 1 Mirtazapine is a noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant that acts by antagonizing the adrenergic α 2-auto-receptors and α 2-heteroreceptors, as well as by blocking serotonin 5 … i have been taking remeron for the past 2 years for anxiety/panic disorder, and i find that it works extremely well for me. According to an article through the Stanford University of Medicine, the medication has also shown some capabilities in treating anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder, among other psychological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. Hope you get it sorted. ... Hello, I have been taking Mirtazapine for 5 mths now I was given it for depression and insommia possibly caused by gastritis and a drug called Lansoprazole. The symptomatic profile of panic disorder is shaped by the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. When Ms. A was seen by a psychiatrist, her diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome was confirmed by the use of ICD-9 criteria. In fact, some individuals experience such intense anxiety after quitting Remeron that they have frequent panic attacks. In this open label pilot study, we studied the efficacy of mirtazapine (Remeron) in panic disorder. Mirtazapine is an antidepressant whose side effect profile differs from that of first-line agents (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) used in the treatment of panic disorder. “Taking mirtazapine also for major panic disorder and PTSD, major depressive disorder for over a decade, have tried 6-7 different antidepressants. Ribeiro L, Busnello JV, Kauer-Sant’Anna M, Madruga M, Quevedo J, Busnello EA, et al. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. It is also used sometimes to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety disorder, panic disorder and chronic fatigue. mood or mental changes, including anger, feelings of being outside the body, hallucinations (seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not there), mood swings, and unusual excitement Some side effects may occur that usually do not need medical attention. These side effects may go away during treatment as your body adjusts to the medicine. Three out of six patients with severe, chronic PTSD benefited from mirtazapine [ 24, 22 ]. Sir: Paroxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant with proven efficacy in the short- and long-term treatment of panic attacks with or without agoraphobia. 4.3.3 Social Anxiety Disorder. o Adding alpha2 antogonism to agents that block serotonin and/or norepinephrine At 15mg you will feel quite dopey for a few days, I won't lie! Mirtazapine is an atypical antidepressant and is used primarily for the treatment of a major depressive disorder. Off label use of Remeron: Panic/Anxiety. Upon review of the literature, mirtazapine was found to perform significantly better than placebo at controlling symptoms of anxiety with comorbid depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and social anxiety disorder; and with comparable efficacy, in some cases with significantly better response rates, to more current … 54% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 24% reported a negative effect. I have tried a few different antidepressants over the years (sertraline, venaflaxine and Citalopram) these just did not agree with me at all, made my panic 100% worse. 13 There is evidence of its benefit in depression comorbid with anxiety disorders, as well as with specific anxiety syndromes. The primary outcome measure was the change from baseline in total score on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A). The present study compared the effect of mirtazapine and fluoxetine in the treatment of panic disorder in a double-blind, randomized, flexible-dose trial conducted with Hi there. 5–9 However, there is a case report of a panic attack that occurred during the discontinuation of mirtazapine. Mirtazapine (Remeron) 15. Mirtazapine, 15 mg at bedtime, was significant ejaculatory dysfunction and orgasm-related difficul- added, and libido returned to baseline within 2 months. Panic disorder is a disabling condition that is common in patients in primary care settings. BACKGROUND: Panic disorder (PD) is a devastating illness, with numerous patients experiencing significant functional disability and many not achieving full remission with first-line pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic treatments. 1 It is also a 5-HT2blocker,which makes it a potential anxiolytic agent.2Overall,mirtazapine appears to be a useful agent in patientswith depression coexisting with anxiety symptoms. Mirtazapine has good efficacy for anxiety symptoms associated with depression (Fawcett and Barkin 1998), and in controlled studies was superior to placebo in PTSD (Davidson et al. You most likely will get intense hunger for the wrong foods, and with that comes weight gain, dry mouth and constipation caused by what you eat and not Remeron itself. Panic attacks, severe anxiety are considered to be a serious side effect to taking Mirtazapine. (I have been using Inderal (20Mg twice daily) for about 5 years to control symptoms of MVP - mainly palpitations and skipped beats). Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs) : This is an older class of medications that tends to affect various neurotransmitters. Mirtazapine, a noradrenergic and selective serotonin antidepressant, is said to be particularly effective in severe depression, with comparable efficacy to TCAs and the advantage of enhancing sleep and appetite.
Anna Marie's Royersford Menu, Can Metronidazole Cause Period, Grand Rapids Michigan Zip Code, Target Boulevard Mall, Bartaco Ballston Menu, Gulf Asia Iqama Check, Roundabout Sight Distance, Moki-lite Inflatable Kayak, Mint Green Tea Side Effects, Elephant Population In South Africa,